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(NEW YORK) — Children can safely celebrate Halloween this year even as the coronavirus pandemic upends the holiday for the second straight year, according to the nation’s top infectious disease expert.

White House chief medical adviser Dr. Anthony Fauci told CNN Sunday that kids can “go out there and enjoy Halloween,” an approach he attributed to the fact that more and more people are now vaccinated against COVID-19 and that most Halloween activities, including trick-or-treating, are held outdoors.

“It’s a good time to reflect on why it’s important to get vaccinated,” he said, urging unvaccinated adults and teens to get shots before Halloween. “But go out there and enjoy Halloween.”

“This is a time that children love,” Fauci added. “It’s a very important part of the year for children.”

Fauci’s go-ahead on Halloween comes as COVID-19 hospitalizations, cases and deaths are declining nationwide.

But experts caution the virus could rebound if enough people remain unvaccinated.

Last week, Pfizer and BioNTech submitted a request to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for emergency use authorization for their vaccine for kids ages 5 to 11. But the timing means the vaccine will not be available for kids in that age group before Halloween.

The Pfizer vaccine is currently authorized for emergency use in children ages 12 to 15 and is approved by the FDA for people ages 16 and older.

Dr. John Brownstein, an epidemiologist and chief innovation officer at Boston Children’s Hospital, is the father of two young children. He said he plans to have a more “normal” Halloween with his kids this year, complete with outdoor trick-or-treating.

“It’s safe to say that trick-or-treating is an activity that all kids can partake in,” said Brownstein, who is also an ABC News contributor. “Kids can feel quite excited by the fact that I think they will have a generally normal Halloween compared to last year.”

Here are four questions answered by Brownstein about how to have a safe Halloween this year.

1. Does my child need to wear a mask while trick-or-treating this year?

In most cases, no, according to Brownstein.

“Every parent has to make their own sort of risk calculation, but given where we are in this pandemic, I think, generally, mask wearing outside is probably unnecessary,” he said, noting that data from nearly two years of the pandemic show that outdoor activities are “generally safe,” even for children who are not yet vaccinated.

“Of course, every family should make decisions that are right for them and the underlying risks of their kids and household members,” Brownstein added. “And luckily, Halloween costumes can make mask-wearing less stigmatizing.”

2. Are indoor Halloween events safe for my kids to attend?

While Brownstein is planning to trick-or-treat outdoors with his kids, he said they are planning to wait another year before attending big, indoor Halloween events.

“The bigger questions that come into play around indoor activities may involve unvaccinated people,” he said. “That’s where masking and good ventilation may be more appropriate.”

Brownstein added that people who do choose to attend indoor Halloween events this year should make sure that people at the event are vaccinated if they are eligible. He also suggests relying on additional layers of protection like social distancing and COVID-19 testing, in addition to masking and good ventilation.

3. Should my family use rapid tests? Are they reliable?

Brownstein said that in addition to vaccination, another major difference between this Halloween and last is that rapid tests are now widely available for use and are particularly smart for indoor events.

“Because rapid tests are becoming more and more pervasive, we should all be using them as a tool to limit the risk to unvaccinated people or the risk of breakthrough infections,” said Brownstein. “Within a short time frame of an event, taking a rapid test, while not 100% foolproof, will give some good reassurance that you’re not putting other people at risk by joining an indoor event.”

“I have a bunch on hand at home, ready to use as needed, so I think those are incredibly effective,” he said.

4. Does a ‘normal’ Halloween mean we’ll also have a ‘normal’ Thanksgiving and Christmas?

Brownstein said he is hopeful that more and more families and friends will be able to spend the holidays safely together this year, but stressed the importance of maintaining good public health practices to keep everyone safe, especially since the upcoming holidays typically involve more travel and time spent indoors.

“While this holiday means that we can gather more seamlessly and in a slightly more normal way, there are small things that we can all do to try to limit transmission,” he said, citing masking as a critical tool. “Transmission takes place through droplets and aerosols so whatever we can do to limit transmission will ultimately have a direct impact on whether we see a surge post-holiday.”

He added, “As we know, those surges can lead to even more significant public health measures that we’re all trying to avoid, so the small things we do during the holiday can mean even a more enjoyable life post-holiday.”

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(NEW YORK) — Selma Blair is getting candid about living with multiple sclerosis in a new documentary.

In Introducing, Selma Blair, the actress opens up about how she is embracing the disease and how she is feeling after undergoing a stem cell transplant in 2019.

“At this moment, I’m great,” Blair told Good Morning America’s Robin Roberts in an interview. “It is important to say, ‘at this very moment’ and I don’t want to be complaining although I — I always say, ‘I have no complaints but do you have a minute?’ It’s like my joyful thing.”

Blair added, “I have more gains than losses. And I do have things that can sometimes be embarrassing but this part of it that I do want to show ’cause that’s the part that’s healing, and perfect, and acceptance — the glitches, maybe some of the speech.”

The actress, who is known for her roles in films such as Cruel Intentions and Legally Blonde, first shared her MS diagnosis on Instagram in 2018. Months later, she spoke with GMA her daily battle with the disease.

Blair said that coming forward with her illness has meant a lot to others, including her fans and followers.

“What I saw when people came up after an Instagram post or especially your show that I was on — how much it meant,” she said. “And that moved me more than I had been moved by other things that I have achieved in my life or done.”

The documentary, which will show viewers what went into Blair’s decision to get the stem cell transplant, will show her fears about receiving the procedure, which is still experimental for MS and not a cure, and the intensive rounds of chemo she had to do to help “reboot” the immune system. Stem cell transplants are not yet FDA approved for the treatment of MS.

“I kinda got to a critical point and my nervous system and more symptoms and I couldn’t stay awake,” Blair said. “I was mortally afraid of chemo my whole life. I’m someone that’s always gone holistic when I can.”

But Blair said that after one dose of chemo, she was talking clearly and the inflammation started to go down. Now, she revealed her brain is free from forming new lesions, but she does have volume loss in some speech and movement areas and prefrontal damage — things she takes medicine for throughout the day.

“I chose this as a marker in my life to want to live, to want to be a person that can show other people with chronic illness, disabilities, an injury they couldn’t get over, a hit,” she said. “I just took a hit. And we take hits. … And that resilience is possible.”

As for acting, she hopes it’s something she can return to someday.

“If the right thing — I’m not looking, but God knows I would never say I wouldn’t dream of being a part of an amazing set one day.”

For now, she’s taking things one step at a time and finding joy.

“We have to take care of ourselves and be patient,” Blair said. “And better times come. Maybe not for good. Maybe it’s not a cure. But more than not, better times will come. We’re meant to have joy on this earth. I never felt that before.”

Introducing, Selma Blair will hit theaters Oct. 15.

Copyright © 2021, ABC Audio. All rights reserved.

(NEW YORK) — For years, triple-negative breast cancer has been perceived as aggressive with little hope of treatment, but that thought appears to be changing among experts as more promising treatment options develop.

“I would say that the future is bright for triple-negative breast cancer,” said Dr. Erica Mayer, a medical oncologist and senior physician at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. “We now have new treatment strategies that we didn’t have available before that definitely seem to be benefiting patients with triple-negative disease.”

Triple-negative breast cancer is the smallest category of breast cancer groups, only accounting for about 10-15% of all breast cancers, according to the American Cancer Society. Mayer says this doesn’t mean that it’s uncommon. “Because breast cancer is a very common cancer, there are actually tens of thousands of people who are diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer every year.”

Triple-negative disease is a unique class of breast cancer because it lacks receptors that drug therapies can target for treatment. Breast cancer cells can have three different types of receptors — estrogen, progesterone and a protein called HER2 — that are each like the lock on the front door of a house. The keys to these locks are the different hormonal or drug therapies that can gain access and kill the cancer cells. But triple-negative breast cancer does not have those three types of receptors, hence the name. This makes it harder to treat than other types of breast cancers.

While lacking those receptors, triple-negative breast cancer still has the same symptoms as other types. Some of these symptoms are a new lump or mass in the breast or armpit, dimpling of the breast skin, abnormal nipple discharge or even the nipple turning inward.

Risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer are also the same as the other breast cancer types. Experts say breast cancer risk increases with things like increasing age, obesity, smoking, alcohol and a personal or family history of breast cancer. Although it’s not a definitive risk factor, triple-negative breast cancer is more commonly seen in Black and Hispanic women, as well as women under age 50; but it’s not understood by experts why that’s the case.

“Black women are also more likely to be diagnosed with cancer at a young age, so that’s how you might get that association, but it’s not necessarily causative,” said Dr. Kimberly Lee, a medical oncologist in the Breast Oncology Department at Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa, Florida. “There’s no simple answer to that.”

Although completely eliminating these risk factors doesn’t guarantee you wont get breast cancer, doing so can help lower the risk. “Decreasing those risk factors as much as possible will decrease your risk,” said Lee. “Again, it doesn’t go to zero.”

New therapies for triple-negative breast cancer

According to experts, triple-negative can be a very treatable and potentially curable type of breast cancer, especially with recent research advances. Treatment of triple-negative breast cancer involves both local therapies, such as surgery and radiation, and can also include systemic therapies, like chemotherapy. Thanks to research in recent years, another category of medications is available, known as immunotherapy, where medicines help stimulate the immune system to destroy cancer cells. This category of medication is used with chemotherapy and is used depending on factors, such as the stage of the cancer.

New discoveries, such as immunotherapy, are starting to change the previous beliefs that triple-negative breast cancer is untreatable, experts say.

“We are incredibly gratified to see that offering immunotherapy before surgery not only helps to do a better job killing the cancer cells, but also seems to help prevent the cancer from coming back, which may help people live longer,” said Mayer. “So the introduction of immunotherapy into the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer may be a game changer.”

October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, but experts say it’s important to be aware of any changes to your breasts and get year-round screening.

Experts recommend mammograms starting at age 40. How frequently and how early to be screened depends on your own individual risk, making it important to see a health care professional to determine your risk and when to begin screenings. In the meantime, everyone should be aware of any changing symptoms in their breasts.

“It’s also important to be aware of one’s body and notice any changes, pointing them out to one’s doctor if they arise,” Mayer said.

Finally, experts say that it is very important to know your family history, which could influence your own risk of breast cancer. “For a long time, cancer was taboo, and people didn’t talk about cancer,” said Lee. “But your family history is important, because again, that could put you at higher risk.”

Triple-negative breast cancer is becoming more treatable as more discoveries are being made, giving hope to experts and those living with the disease.

“I meet people every day and they think it’s the end that we don’t have treatment, that we can’t help them and as an oncologist, that’s not the case,” said Lee. “There is hope.”

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