(WASHINGTON) — A new four-count indictment handed down Tuesday against former President Donald Trump included details about six unnamed co-conspirators who prosecutors allege were involved in an attempt to overturn the 2020 election.
“The Defendant and co-conspirators used knowingly false claims of election fraud to get state legislators and election officials to subvert the legitimate election results and change electoral votes for the Defendant’s opponent, Joseph R. Biden, Jr., to electoral votes for the Defendant,” according to the filing from Special Counsel Jack Smith,
The six co-conspirators have not been named (they are referred to as co-conspirator 1, co-conspirator 2, etc.), but the 45-page indictment lists the six as: four attorneys, a Justice Department official and a political consultant.
Here is what we know about the co-conspirators, according to the indictment:
Co-Conspirator 1
Co-Conspirator 1 is an attorney who was “willing to spread knowingly false claims,” according to the indictment. This Co-Conspirator was willing to pursue strategies that Trump’s 2020 re-election campaign attorneys would not, the indictment detailed.
Co-Conspirator 2
Co-Conspirator 2 is an attorney who “devised and attempted to implement a strategy to leverage the Vice President’s ceremonial role overseeing the certification proceeding to obstruct the certification of the presidential election,” the indictment read.
Co-Conspirator 3
Co-Conspirator 3 is an attorney who made “unfounded claims of election fraud,” according to the indictment. Trump privately acknowledged to others that Co-Conspirator 3’s claims made him sound “crazy,” according to the indictment. Still, Trump “embraced and publicly amplified the disinformation,” the indictment says.
Co-Conspirator 4
Co-Conspirator 4 is a Justice Department official who worked with Trump in an attempt to “use the Justice Department to open sham election crime investigations and influence state legislatures with knowingly false claims of election fraud,” the indictment says,
Co-Conspirator 5
Co-Conspirator 5 is an attorney who “assisted in devising and attempting to implement a plan to submit fraudulent slates of presidential electors to obstruct the certification proceeding,” the indictment reads.
Co-Conspirator 6
Co-Conspirator 6 is a political consultant who helped implement a plan to submit fraudulent slates of presidential electors to obstruct the certification proceeding, according to the indictment.
This is a developing story. Please check back for updates.
United States Courts via The New York Times via Redux
(WASHINGTON) — Former President Donald Trump now faces a third set of charges after a grand jury handed up another indictment against him on Tuesday in the special counsel’s 2020 election ongoing investigation.
The indictment alleges that Trump undertook a “criminal scheme” to undermine the results of the 2020 election and charges him with four felony counts: conspiracy to defraud the United States, conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding, obstruction of and an attempt to obstruct an official proceeding and conspiracy against rights.
D.C. District Judge Tanya Chutkan has been assigned the case, according to the court docket.
Chutkan is an appointee of former President Barack Obama. She was appointed to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia in June 2014.
A native of Kingston, Jamaica, Chutkan received a bachelor’s degree in economics from George Washington University and a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School, according to her D.C. District Court biography.
She worked in private practice and then for the District of Columbia Public Defender Service early in her law career before joining the law firm Boies, Schiller, & Flexner LLP, where she worked for 12 years and specialized in white-collar criminal defense, according to her biography.
As a district judge, Chutkan previously rejected an effort by Trump to block the release of documents to the House committee investigating the Jan. 6 Capitol riot.
Chutkan has also been known for handing out some of the most severe sentences for rioters charged in the Jan. 6 assault on the Capitol.
At a sentencing hearing in October 2021 for a Texas man who had pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge for joining the storming of the Capitol building, Chutkan went beyond the sentence recommended by federal prosecutors, which she described as too lenient given the danger posed by the insurrection.
While prosecutors recommended three months under home confinement and probation for Matt Mazzocco, Chutkan said in a ruling “there have to be consequences” for those involved in an attempted violent overthrow of a branch of the U.S. government, “beyond sitting at home.”
“If Mr. Mazzocco walks away with probation and a slap on the wrist, that’s not going to deter anyone trying what he did again,” Chutkan said. “It does not, in this Court’s opinion, indicate the severity — the gravity of the offenses that he committed on Jan. 6.”
She ultimately sentenced Mazzocco to 45 days in jail plus 60 hours of community service.
Trump has been summoned to appear in court before Chutkan on Thursday in Washington, D.C., for his latest indictment.
Prosecutors say the alleged scheme included enlisting a slate of so-called “fake electors” targeting several states, using the Justice Department to conduct “sham election crime investigations,” enlisting the vice president to “alter the election results” and doubling down on false claims as the Jan. 6 riot ensued — all in an effort to subvert democracy and stay in power.
Special counsel Jack Smith called the Jan. 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol “an unprecedented assault on the seat of American democracy.”
The aim of the attack was “obstructing a bedrock function of the U.S. government and the nation’s process of collecting, counting and certifying the results of the presidential election,” Smith said following the unsealing of the indictment.
Speaking to ABC News after the indictment was unsealed, Trump described the new charges as a “pile-on.”
“It’s election interference,” the former president told ABC News, saying he is “doing very well in the polls” and that he believes he will defeat President Joe Biden in 2024.
(WASHINGTON) — On Tuesday, a third indictment was filed against former President Donald Trump, this time in connection with his efforts to overturn his 2020 election loss and remain in power.
Prosecutor Jack Smith has called for a “speedy trial” on the four charges Trump faces in the latest indictment: conspiracy to defraud the United States, conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding, obstruction of and attempt to obstruct an official proceeding and conspiracy against rights.
Trump denies all wrongdoing, claiming political persecution.
The reaction on Capitol Hill was swift, with Republican leaders again coming to Trump’s defense as they did after he was charged in a New York state indictment and a federal indictment in Florida. (Trump has pleaded not guilty in both of those cases. He’s scheduled to appear in court on Thursday on the third indictment.)
Ohio Republican Rep. Jim Jordan, one of Trump’s staunchest allies in Congress, contended in a statement that Trump “did nothing wrong!”
“When you drain The Swamp, The Swamp fights back,” Jordan, the chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, continued, using a pejorative term for the federal government.
Much of the immediate response from the GOP reiterated their accusations that the Department of Justice is being politically weaponized against Trump as he mounts a comeback bid for the White House — which prosecutors have pushed back against.
“The indictment was issued by a grand jury of citizens here in the District of Columbia and it sets forth the crimes charged in detail,” Smith, who is the independent special counsel overseeing the case against Trump, said in brief remarks on Tuesday. “I encourage everyone to read it in full.”
Attorney General Merrick Garland on Tuesday also defended Smith’s work, saying, “Mr. Smith and his team of experienced and principled career agents and prosecutors have followed the facts and the law wherever they lead. Any questions about this matter will have to be answered by the filings made in the courtroom.”
New York Rep. Elise Stefanik, the No. 3 House Republican, said in a scathing statement that the indictment is a “sham.”
“Today is yet another dark day in America,” she said.
Stefanik and House Speaker Kevin McCarthy went so far as to suggest, without evidence, the indictment was handed down to “distract” from Republican investigations into the Biden family.
Missouri Republican Sen. Josh Hawley, scrutinized for being seen running from the Capitol on Jan. 6 after first encouraging pro-Trump protesters earlier in the day, before the rioting, said Tuesday that the “DOJ unveils the latest effort to stop Trump from running against Biden – totally unprecedented in American history.”
On the other side of the aisle, Democrats called the indictment a serious development and said Trump must be held responsible if found guilty.
“The January 6th Capitol attack was an assault on our democracy, and everyone involved must be held accountable, including Donald Trump,” said Rep. Pete Aguilar. Aguilar was a member of the House Jan. 6 select committee that last year recommended Trump be charged.
California Rep. Nancy Pelosi, the House speaker at the time of the Jan. 6 attack, called the charges “very serious” and linked them to the previous work done by the House committee.
“Through the meticulous and patriotic work of the bipartisan Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack, evidence was uncovered about the sinister plot to overturn the presidential election and prevent the peaceful transfer of power, which culminated in deadly insurrection,” Pelosi said, adding, “As this case proceeds through the courts, justice must be done according to the facts and the law.”
In a joint statement, top congressional Democrats — Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer and House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries — said the third indictment “illustrated in shocking detail that the violence of that day was the culmination of a months-long criminal plot led by the former president to defy democracy and overturn the will of the American people.”
Rep. Jason Crow, a Colorado Democrat who has spoken about his experience being in the House gallery when rioters breached the Capitol, recalled consoling his colleagues during the ordeal.
“We can’t grow numb to that day. We can’t grow numb to what it meant for our democracy. We can’t look away just because we don’t like what we see,” Crow said.
(WASHINGTON) — Shortly after a third indictment was unveiled against former President Donald Trump, prosecutor Jack Smith spoke briefly on Tuesday from the Department of Justice about the new charges related to Trump’s efforts to overturn his 2020 election loss.
Smith said that the Jan. 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol was “an unprecedented assault on the seat of American democracy” that was “fueled by lies” from the former president about the 2020 election.
“The indictment was issued by a grand jury of citizens here in the District of Columbia and it sets forth the crimes charged in detail,” Smith said. “I encourage everyone to read it in full.”
Trump has denied all wrongdoing and claimed political persecution.
Smith, in his remarks, reiterated that Trump is presumed innocent until he is tried. “My office will seek a speedy trial so that our evidence can be tested in court and judged by a jury of citizens,” Smith said.
Trump has been ordered to appear on Thursday in federal court in Washington.
This is a developing story. Please check back for updates.
(WASHINGTON) — Former President Donald Trump has been indicted in the special counsel’s investigation into his alleged plot to overthrow the 2020 election.
Trump has been charged with four counts: conspiracy to defraud the United States, conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding, obstruction of and attempt to obstruct an official proceeding and conspiracy against rights.
(WASHINGTON) — Former President Donald Trump has been indicted on charges related to special counsel Jack Smith’s probe into efforts to overturn the 2020 election, sources with direct knowledge tell ABC News.
It marks the third time the former president has been indicted on criminal charges, following his indictment last month in the special counsel’s probe into his handling of classified materials after leaving office, and his indictment in April on New York state charges of falsifying business records in connection with a hush money payment made to adult film actress Stormy Daniels.
Trump, who has decried the probes as political witch hunts, pleaded not guilty to all charges in both those cases.
In the history of the country, no president or former president had ever been indicted prior to Trump’s first indictment in April.
Trump was informed by Smith on July 16 that he was a target in the election probe, in a letter that sources said mentioned three federal statutes: conspiracy to commit offense or to defraud the United States, deprivation of rights under a civil rights statute, and tampering with a witness, victim or an informant.
A grand jury empaneled by Smith in Washington, D.C., has been speaking with witnesses ranging from former White House aides to state election officials. Among those testifying in recent weeks have been former top Trump aide Hope Hicks and Trump’s son-in-law and former White House senior adviser Jared Kushner.
Investigators have also been speaking with election officials who are believed to have been part of the failed 2020 effort to put forward slates of so-called “fake electors” to cast electoral college votes for Trump on Jan. 6.
Attorney General Merrick Garland appointed Smith to oversee both the election probe and the classified documents probe, after Trump’s announcement in November that he was again running for president triggered the appointment of an independent special counsel to avoid a potential conflict of interest in the Justice Department.
(ORLANDO, Fla.) — Vice President Kamala Harris returned to Florida Tuesday and continued to take aim at the state’s widely panned new Black history curriculum standard that suggests enslaved people learned skills that could later benefit them.
“Right here in Florida, they plan to teach students that enslaved people benefitted from slavery,” Harris said in remarks at a Women’s Missionary Society of the African Methodist Episcopal Church convention in Orlando. “They insult us in an attempt to gaslight us, in an attempt to divide and distract our nation with unnecessary debates.”
The state board last month unanimously approved the new standards, including a portion of “benchmark clarifications,” one of which calls for the instruction of “how slaves developed skills which, in some instances, could be applied for their personal benefit.”
“And now they attempt to legitimize these unnecessary debates with a proposal that most recently came in of a politically-motivated roundtable,” Harris added.
On Monday, DeSantis sent a letter to Harris, obtained by ABC News, inviting her to visit Tallahassee and discuss the state’s new standards, while also attacking the Biden administration for taking “cheap” shots.
“One would think the White House would applaud such boldness in teaching the unique and important story of African American History,” DeSantis wrote in the letter. “But you have instead attempted to score cheap political points and label Florida parents ‘extremists.’ It’s past time to set the record straight.”
“Well, I’m here in Florida, and I will tell you, there is no roundtable, no lecture, no invitation we will accept to debate an undeniable fact: there were no redeeming qualities of slavery,” Harris shot back without mentioning DeSantis by name, eliciting applause from the audience.
The state board last month unanimously approved the new standards, including a portion of “benchmark clarifications,” one of which calls for the instruction of “how slaves developed skills which, in some instances, could be applied for their personal benefit.”
In a sit-down interview on Friday with “ABC News Live Prime” anchor Linsey Davis, the vice president said it was “ridiculous” she has to say enslaved people did not benefit from slavery.
“This is just a matter of whether one chooses to speak fact and truth or not, and it’s pretty much that simple” Harris told Davis.
Tuesday’s trip to Florida is Harris’s second to the Sunshine State is the past two weeks. Harris made a previously unscheduled stop Jacksonville on July 21 to rail against the new standards just two days after it was approved.
This summer, Harris has logged many miles crisscrossing the country and going on offense on many political battle fronts, including on the issue abortion.
On Friday, moments before Republican presidential candidates took the state across town in Des Moines, Iowa, Harris lambasted abortion bans, including one in the state.
“How dare these supposed leaders, these supposed leaders have decided they’re in a better position to tell her what’s in her best interest than she is to know,” she said.
Iowa GOP Gov. Kim Reynolds signed a six-week abortion ban just two weeks earlier.
“We have a responsibility not only to protect the unborn in law, but to change the destructive culture of abortion that still exists in a post-Roe world,” Reynolds said in statement at the time of the signing.
Harris was also deployed to North Carolina in June to cap the Biden administration’s week-long effort to center abortion in the political debate and deliver remarks exactly one year after the Supreme Court overruled its Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion nationwide.
In her remarks, Harris also took aim at the state’s 12-week abortion ban that would into effect a week later, and those like it.
Harris told the crowd in Charlotte that since the Court’s decision women were suffering the consequences of “Laws that in design and effect have created chaos, confusion, and fear. Laws that have denied women of our country care even when their life and health were at risk.”
State Rep. Anna Eskamani, a Democrat who represents parts of Orlando in the Florida Legislature, said Harris’s distinction as the first woman and first Black and South Asian vice president makes her the ideal face of the administration’s fight.
“I think she fits in all these intersections that are under attack right now and she can really offer that — not just that clear opposition, but a clear vision for the future,” Eskamani told ABC News.
Harris also appears to be having more success at galvanizing Democrats’ base than President Joe Biden.
A New York Times/Siena College poll out Tuesday found that six percent more Democrats would be more enthusiastic if Harris led the ticket compared to Biden, 26% to 20%.
The critical bloc of independent voters the president needs to attract in what will likely be another close election were twice as likely to view a Harris nomination enthusiastically than a Biden one, at 16% and 8% respectively, the poll also found.
Eskamani says she understands Harris’ appeal.
“To have our voice and our concerns be elevated to what is essentially an international platform because of her leadership, it helps us hold the line…” Eskamani said.
ABC News’ Hannah Demissie, Olivia Osteen, Will McDuffie, and Ben Gittleson contributed to this report.
(WASHINGTON) — While much attention is being trained on the possibility that former President Donald Trump could face charges for his actions leading up to Jan. 6, the Department of Justice on Tuesday unsealed documents revealing a new arrest was made Tuesday in connection to the Capitol riot.
A Kentucky man was arrested Tuesday on charges that he joined the pro-Trump mob during one of the most violent stand-offs with law enforcement at the Lower West Terrace tunnel.
Barry Saturday is alleged to have been present around rioters who engaged in assaults against officers protecting the Capitol and allegedly celebrated after seeing one rioter steal a police shield, court documents allege.
Investigators tracked Saturday’s movements throughout the clash with police, including his push towards the police line while rioters were shouting, “Heave-ho!” to try and break through and enter the building, according to the affidavit.
He was later forced out of the tunnel after being hit with pepper spray but then was seen “deliberately following” two lone officers who had been pulled into the crowd before re-joining the mob at the tunnel entrance, court documents show.
FBI officials say they used a facial comparison tool to match up Saturday’s pictures with his Twitter account and a photo of him on the Lexington Herald Leader news website. They then found that Saturday had actually been interviewed by the FBI three times before in 2018 and 2019 when he was reporting that he was a victim of some kind of cyber intrusion, according to officials. The FBI never found any such evidence on Saturday’s devices, but agents who interviewed him during those appearances confirmed that he was the individual depicted in photos from the riot, the affidavit said.
They further confirmed his identity through his public social media photos and driver’s license photograph, as well as information obtained via search warrant from his cell phone, according to charging documents.
As of time of publishing, Saturday does not yet have a lawyer listed as representing him on his court docket.
Saturday now joins the ranks of the more than 1,080 individuals who have been arrested in connection with the Jan. 6 attack, according to ABC News’ latest tally of public court records. More than 600 of those charged have pleaded guilty to a variety of offenses, while more than 100 have been found guilty at trials.
Over 560 people have been sentenced, with punishments ranging from probation and home confinement to the most severe sentence of 18 years in prison for Stewart Rhodes — the founder of the Oath Keepers who was convicted of seditious conspiracy.
DOJ is still seeking the public’s help in identifying at least 320 more people suspected of committing violent acts on Capitol grounds, according to the Justice Department.
Trump is a target of special counsel Jack Smith’s investigation into the events surrounding Jan. 6 and his efforts to overturn his 2020 election loss. He has denied wrongdoing and repeatedly claimed political persecution.
ABC News’ Olivia Rubin and John Santucci contributed to this report.
(WASHINGTON, D.C.) — House Republicans on Monday launched an inquiry into the Justice Department’s plea deal with Hunter Biden, which was put on hold after falling apart in court last week.
Three Republican-led House committees — the Judiciary, Oversight and Ways and Means panels — sent a letter to Attorney General Merrick Garland demanding information and documents related to the agreement struck by federal prosecutors and President Joe Biden’s son.
The letter was signed by the chairs of the three committees, Reps. Jim Jordan, James Comer and Jason Smith.
“Given recent unusual events relating to the Department’s plea and pretrial diversion agreements with Mr. Biden, we write to better understand the Department’s decision to sign off on such apparently atypical agreements,” the lawmakers wrote.
They singled out two provisions of the deal, which U.S. District Judge Maryellen Noreika deferred following an hourslong hearing in Delaware on Wednesday.
The provisions highlighted in the letter included a paragraph that, according to the committee chairs, would have required prosecutors to get Noreika’s permission in order to pursue charges if Hunter Biden were to breach the agreement; and, in the other paragraph, apparently could have extended some broader criminal immunity to Hunter Biden.
Hunter Biden had originally agreed to acknowledge his failure to pay taxes on income he received in 2017 and 2018. In exchange, prosecutors would have recommended probation, meaning he would likely have avoided prison time.
Hunter Biden also would have agreed to a pretrial diversion on a separate gun charge, with the charge being dropped if he adhered to certain terms.
However, at Wednesday’s hearing as his deal was put on pause, Hunter Biden instead pleaded not guilty to the tax charges.
In the courtroom, Noreika repeatedly criticized the plea deal’s “form over substance.”
She ultimately requested additional briefing, giving the parties 30 days to resolve any outstanding issues.
Under questioning by the judge, prosecutors confirmed at the hearing that Hunter Biden is still under investigation after a five-year probe.
The House committees on Monday called on the Department of Justice to submit a “generalized description of the nature of the Department’s ongoing investigation(s) concerning Hunter Biden” along with “an explanation of why the Department originally agreed to a plea agreement if other investigation(s) concerning Hunter Biden are ongoing.”
“The Department’s unusual plea and pretrial diversion agreements with Mr. Biden raise serious concerns … that the Department has provided preferential treatment toward Mr. Biden,” the Republican chairs wrote.
Federal prosecutors have previously pushed back on claims that they were constrained or acted abnormally in how they handled Hunter Biden’s case.
Representatives for Hunter Biden did not respond to a request for comment.
(OHIO) — Ohioans next week will vote in a special election to determine whether to raise the threshold required to amend the state constitution — and then, three months after that, voters will either approve or reject a ballot measure to enshrine abortion access in the state constitution.
A “yes” vote in Ohio’s Aug. 8 election on State Issue 1 would mean future changes to the constitution require 60% support, up from the current minimum of 50% plus one.
If passed, the measure would go into effect before the November general election vote on the abortion measure.
The proposed abortion amendment would establish a “fundamental right to reproductive freedom” in the Ohio constitution. It names five categories in that scope: contraception, fertility treatment, continuing one’s own pregnancy, miscarriage care and abortion.
State officials said last week that the requirements had been met to get the abortion measure on the ballot, pending any legal decisions.
Critics have claimed the Aug. 8 election is a rushed, last-ditch effort by Republicans to change the rules in order to make it harder for the abortion ballot measure to succeed.
While next week’s special election is not a direct vote on abortion, observers say the results could reflect how much the issue — which exit polls showed was top of mind for some voters during the 2022 midterm cycle — may continue to mobilize voters.
“Ohio is ground zero for the fight for abortion rights nationwide. While corrupt politicians are pulling out all the stops to prevent Ohio voters from having their voice heard on reproductive rights, we’re organizing in communities across the state to help tell these out-of-touch GOP politicians: we won’t go back,” Ohio Democratic Party spokesman Matt Keyes told ABC News.
Defending State Issue 1, Republicans have said it’s about protecting the state constitution from changes backed by special interest groups.
However, one of the state’s highest-ranking GOP officials has reportedly conceded that the focus of their efforts is on abortion.
“This is 100% about keeping a radical pro-abortion amendment out of our constitution. The left wants to jam it in there this coming November,” Secretary of State Frank LaRose said at an event in May, according to local TV station WCMH.
That diverges from LaRose’s other comments on the measure, when he said it is about protecting the constitution at large. LaRose has since echoed that initial position.
“This is all about protecting our state Constitution from out of state special interest that really wanna try to buy their way into our states founding document,” LaRose said while campaigning on State Issue 1 over the weekend.
Since the Supreme Court struck down its previous Roe v. Wade ruling, in 2022, and retuned the question of abortion access to individual states, various parts of the country have either tightened abortion restrictions and bans — or seen their voters approve ballot measures to expand abortion rights.
All of the pro-abortion access measures voted on directly by voters have been approved, though none made it past a 60% threshold.
In an exclusive sit-down with ABC News Live Prime anchor Linsey Davis, Vice President Kamala Harris said recently that she is hopeful that as the abortion issue is brought directly to voters, they will cast ballots against the restrictions and leaders who support them.
“I am concerned about what’s been happening, but I also have faith in the people of America,” Harris said.
State Issue 1 was first introduced last year by a Republican state legislator and LaRose, the secretary of state, though it didn’t clear the state House in order to make it on the May ballot. The measure was then reintroduced this year with some changes, like a requirement that future ballot petitioners, in order to proceed, would need to get voter signatures from all 88 counties instead of from 44 counties — something that critics also argue is too restrictive.
In May, Republican lawmakers approved a statewide vote on the measure for the August contest, despite the fact that a voting law passed last year eliminated most local August special elections.
“It looks awfully much like it was intended to close the door and lock it,” Betty Montgomery, a former Republican Ohio attorney general, said during a recent City Club of Cleveland forum.
Early voting numbers for next week have been high thus far, according to Ohio secretary of state estimates.
Ohio’s 88 county boards of elections have sent nearly 250,000 absentee ballots to voters statewide since early voting began on July 11, the office said on Friday, noting that “reflect[s] a dramatic increase in voter activity over the August statewide primary election of 2022.”
Because of the election’s stakes for abortion access in Ohio, millions of dollars have flooded into the race, according to reports filed with the secretary of state’s office on Thursday. Protect Our Constitution, the campaign supporting State Issue 1, has raised around $5 million. One Person One Vote, the opposition, has raised more than $14 million.
On both sides, the vast majority of funding comes from out-of-state donors.
Protect Women Ohio, the campaign opposing the abortion access ballot measure, and an affiliate have raised an additional $15 million, though it is not clear how much of those funds will be used for the August election versus November.
Abortion is currently legal in Ohio most of the way through the second trimester of a pregnancy.
The state passed a strict, so-called “heartbeat bill” last year, banning abortions as early as six weeks into a pregnancy, but that is on hold pending a legal challenge.
ABC News’ Caroline Curran contributed to this report.
