(NEW YORK) — With Halloween just days away, kids across the country are gearing up for candy and fun, while many parents are wondering how to keep their kids safe amid the coronavirus pandemic, especially while kids younger than 12 wait to be eligible for a vaccine.

The good news for families is this Halloween can be celebrated with more ease than last year, according to the nation’s top infectious disease expert.

White House chief medical adviser Dr. Anthony Fauci said in a CNN interview earlier this month that kids can “go out there and enjoy Halloween,” an approach he attributed to the fact that more and more people are now vaccinated against COVID-19 and that most Halloween activities, including trick-or-treating, are held outdoors.

“It’s a good time to reflect on why it’s important to get vaccinated,” he said, urging unvaccinated adults and teens to get shots before Halloween. “But go out there and enjoy Halloween.”

“This is a time that children love,” Fauci added. “It’s a very important part of the year for children.”

Dr. John Brownstein, an epidemiologist and chief innovation officer at Boston Children’s Hospital, is the father of two young children. He said he also plans to have a more “normal” Halloween with his kids this year, complete with outdoor trick-or-treating.

“It’s safe to say that trick-or-treating is an activity that all kids can partake in,” said Brownstein, who is also an ABC News contributor. “Kids can feel quite excited by the fact that I think they will have a generally normal Halloween compared to last year.”

Here are four questions answered by Brownstein about how to have a safe Halloween this year.

1. Does my child need to wear a mask while trick-or-treating this year?

In most cases, no, according to Brownstein.

“Every parent has to make their own sort of risk calculation, but given where we are in this pandemic, I think, generally, mask wearing outside is probably unnecessary,” he said, noting that data from nearly two years of the pandemic show that outdoor activities are “generally safe,” even for children who are not yet vaccinated.

“Of course, every family should make decisions that are right for them and the underlying risks of their kids and household members,” Brownstein added. “And luckily, Halloween costumes can make mask-wearing less stigmatizing.”

2. Are indoor Halloween events safe for my kids to attend?

While Brownstein is planning to trick-or-treat outdoors with his kids, he said they are planning to wait another year before attending big, indoor Halloween events.

“The bigger questions that come into play around indoor activities may involve unvaccinated people,” he said. “That’s where masking and good ventilation may be more appropriate.”

Brownstein added that people who do choose to attend indoor Halloween events this year should make sure people at the event are vaccinated if they are eligible. He also suggests relying on additional layers of protection like social distancing and COVID-19 testing, in addition to masking and good ventilation.

3. Should my family use rapid tests? Are they reliable?

Brownstein said that in addition to vaccination, another major difference between this Halloween and last is that rapid tests are now widely available for use and are particularly smart for indoor events.

“Because rapid tests are becoming more and more pervasive, we should all be using them as a tool to limit the risk to unvaccinated people or the risk of breakthrough infections,” said Brownstein. “Within a short time frame of an event, taking a rapid test, while not 100% foolproof, will give some good reassurance that you’re not putting other people at risk by joining an indoor event.”

“I have a bunch on hand at home, ready to use as needed, so I think those are incredibly effective,” he said.

4. Does a ‘normal’ Halloween mean we’ll also have a ‘normal’ Thanksgiving and Christmas?

Brownstein said he is hopeful that more and more families and friends will be able to spend the holidays safely together this year, but stressed the importance of maintaining good public health practices to keep everyone safe, especially since the upcoming holidays typically involve more travel and time spent indoors.

“While this holiday means that we can gather more seamlessly and in a slightly more normal way, there are small things that we can all do to try to limit transmission,” he said, citing masking as a critical tool. “Transmission takes place through droplets and aerosols so whatever we can do to limit transmission will ultimately have a direct impact on whether we see a surge post-holiday.”

He added, “As we know, those surges can lead to even more significant public health measures that we’re all trying to avoid, so the small things we do during the holiday can mean even a more enjoyable life post-holiday.”

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(NEW YORK) — Children 5 to 11 may be able to start getting vaccines as early as Wednesday, marking a major milestone in the ongoing fight against COVID-19 in the United States.

An advisory panel with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is scheduled to meet Nov. 2 and vote on whether to recommend the Pfizer vaccine for the approximately 28 million U.S. children aged 5 to 11.

It will then be up to CDC Director Dr. Rochelle Walensky to make the final decision, one she’s expected to make quickly.

That potentially quick turnaround has left many parents scrambling to answer vaccine-related questions about how it could affect their kids.

The nation’s top health experts though have said that getting more kids vaccinated will be key to managing the pandemic in the U.S.

“If we can create a situation where more of these kids are not getting infected, we should be able to drive this pandemic down, which is what we really hope to do, even as we face the cold [weather] and other concerns about whether we might see another surge,” Dr. Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, said Tuesday on Good Morning America. “We don’t want that, and this would be one significant step forward in getting our country really in a better place.”

GMA spoke with leading pediatricians from across the country, and here are some of their answers to five questions about vaccines for children 5 to 11.

1. Why does a child need a COVID vaccine?

Getting kids vaccinated against COVID-19 helps protect them against serious illness, according to Dr. Mark Kline, physician-in-chief at Children’s Hospital New Orleans.

“The idea that children don’t get very sick from COVID was a myth,” he said. “The delta variant that hit us so hard over the summer really disabused us of that myth once and for all.”

Over 1 million children were diagnosed with COVID-19 in the past six weeks, adding to the total of more than 6 million children who have tested positive since start of the pandemic, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics.

While it’s true kids often have more mild cases of COVID-19, they can still get “very sick” from the virus, according to Dr. Mobeen Rathore, division chief of pediatric infectious diseases at the University of Florida College of Medicine.

“Many children, as we saw this last surge, do get very sick,” he said. “They do get in the hospital, they do get into the ICU, and they can be on a breathing machine — and, unfortunately, they can die.”

More than 700 children and teens under 18 have died of COVID-19 in the U.S. since the start of the pandemic, according to the CDC.

2. How do we know a vaccine is safe for kids under 12?

Pfizer has conducted clinical trials with its COVID-19 vaccine on kids ages 5 to 11 since last year, and the company’s most recent data shows that it was nearly 91% effective against symptomatic illness.

The vaccine also appeared safe. None of the children in the clinical trials experienced a rare heart inflammation side effect known as myocarditis, which has been associated with the mRNA vaccines in very rare cases, mostly among young men.

“We learned a lot from the vaccination of 12-to-18-year-olds, especially about rare side effects like myocarditis,” said Dr. Andrew Nowalk, a clinical specialist in pediatric infectious diseases at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. “The vaccine trials that were done in the 5-to-11-year-olds looked at a range of doses, including the higher dose that we used in the adolescents and adults and then lower doses, and the lower dose was found to be very effective with fewer side effects and that’s what the vaccine is being based on.”

“I think this is a tribute to our dedication to vaccine safety throughout all of these trials,” he said.

3. Is the vaccine dose for kids different than for adults

For kids, the Pfizer vaccine will be smaller, one-third of the adolescent and adult dose.

Like adults and adolescents, kids ages 5 to 11 will be fully vaccinated after two shots. Their vaccine is proposed to be given in two 10-microgram doses administered 21 days apart.

The smaller doses will allow kids to develop a strong immunity while minimizing possible side effects, according to Dr. Alok Patel, a pediatric hospitalist at University of California, San Francisco.

“The thought there is, this will actually give those young robust immune systems enough information to tank up those antibody levels,” he said. “But also at a smaller dose, it’s going to reduce the chances of immune reactogenicity. It’s going to make it a safer vaccine.”

When it comes to dosing, differing immune systems among people of different ages help explain why the cutoffs for vaccine eligibility rest on age and not body size.

“You don’t need to worry that your 11-year-old is going to be under-dosed if they get the the smaller pediatric dose,” said Dr. Allison Bartlett, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at the University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital. “Conversely, we’ve had plenty of small 12 and 13 and 75-year-old people get the full adult dose and are doing just fine.”

In addition to the COVID-19 vaccine, other immunizations are also scheduled and administered based on age and not weight. This is partially due to the fact that the body’s immune responses to vaccinations and infection are known to be different based on age.

4. Will the vaccine affect kids’ development?

“There’s no evidence that this vaccine has any effect on the development,” said Rathore. “There’s also no biologically plausible reason that it would affect the development of your child, and the reason for that it is a protein that, once it does its job in the body, it goes away.”

There is also currently no clinical evidence to suggest any of the COVID-19 vaccines can have long-term effects on puberty or fertility.

Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines use mRNA technology, which doesn’t enter the nucleus of the cells and doesn’t alter human DNA. Instead, it provides a genetic “instruction manual” that prompts cells to create proteins that look like the outside of the virus — a way for the body to learn and develop defenses against infection.

5. Why should I get my child vaccinated now?

The pediatricians GMA spoke with collectively agreed it is important for parents to get their child ages 5 to 11 vaccinated as soon as they are eligible in order to help protect their child’s health, and to help protect the health of others.

“I would say that the most important reason not to wait is kids are dying from COVID right now in the United States,” said Nowalk. “We’ve actually had more pediatric deaths in the last couple of months than at any other time during this epidemic.”

Kline, of Children’s Hospital New Orleans, said he hopes his grandchildren will be among the first in line for a vaccine once eligible.

“I don’t see any virtue in waiting and putting children further at risk for preventable illness or even death,” Kline added. “The advice that I’m giving to parents that I counsel in the clinic, and the advice that I have given to my own daughters about my grandchildren is, the moment those vaccines are available at the pharmacy or at the pediatricians office, they should avail themselves of the opportunity to get the vaccine.”

If parents have questions and concerns, they should talk with their health care provider, advised Dr. Robert Frenck, lead investigator of the pediatric COVID-19 vaccine trials at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital.

“What every parent is trying to do is to protect their child and to make sure their child is healthy and happy,” said Frenck. “And while doing something new or different can be scary, we have a lot of information around the COVID-19 vaccines that we have a good safety profile.”

Parents should reach out to health care providers and ask questions to make sure they’re comfortable, Frenck added.

“I hope that you’ll find that the right decision is to vaccinate your children,” he said, “because this is really what we need to get things back to normal.”

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