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(NEW YORK) — A new study is offering new clues in solving the medical mystery of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), which causes over 1,000 infant deaths per year in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

The study, led by researchers in Australia and published this week in the medical journal eBioMedicine, found that babies who died due to SIDS had lower levels of an enzyme known as Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE).

The previously unidentified enzyme is thought to be involved in the brain pathways that drive a person to take a breath, according to ABC News chief medical correspondent Dr. Jennifer Ashton, a board-certified OBGYN.

“Potentially, this would represent a target for intervention,” Ashton said Friday on ABC’s Good Morning America. “If you could screen babies and found they had a low enzyme level, potentially you could improve that.”

Currently, there is no method to know an infant’s risk for SIDS, which is defined as the unexplained death of a baby younger than the age of 1. In most cases, a SIDS death occurs while a baby is sleeping.

Because of the risk of SIDS, medical experts, including the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), recommend that parent and caregivers place infants to sleep on their back, practice room-sharing without bed-sharing, avoid any soft objects or bedding in a baby’s sleep area and use only firm sleep surfaces such as a crib, bassinet or pack-and-play.

The AAP offers these additional sleep safety recommendations for babies:

1. Until their first birthday, babies should sleep on their backs for all sleep times — for naps and at night.

“We know babies who sleep on their backs are much less likely to die of SIDS than babies who sleep on their stomachs or sides. The problem with the side position is that the baby can roll more easily onto the stomach. Some parents worry that babies will choke when on their backs, but the baby’s airway anatomy and the gag reflex will keep that from happening. Even babies with gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) should sleep on their backs.”

2. Use a firm sleep surface.

“A crib, bassinet, portable crib, or play yard that meets the safety standards of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is recommended along with a tight-fitting, firm mattress and fitted sheet designed for that particular product. Nothing else should be in the crib except for the baby. A firm surface is a hard surface; it should not indent when the baby is lying on it. Bedside sleepers that meet CPSC safety standards may be an option, but there are no published studies that have examined the safety of these products. In addition, some crib mattresses and sleep surfaces are advertised to reduce the risk of SIDS. There is no evidence that this is true, but parents can use these products if they meet CPSC safety standards.”

3. Keep baby’s sleep area in the same room where you sleep for the first 6 months or, ideally, for the first year.

“Place your baby’s crib, bassinet, portable crib, or play yard in your bedroom, close to your bed. The AAP recommends room sharing because it can decrease the risk of SIDS by as much as 50% and is much safer than bed sharing. In addition, room sharing will make it easier for you to feed, comfort, and watch your baby.”

4. Only bring your baby into your bed to feed or comfort.

“Place your baby back in his or her own sleep space when you are ready to go to sleep. If there is any possibility that you might fall asleep, make sure there are no pillows, sheets, blankets, or any other items that could cover your baby’s face, head, and neck, or overheat your baby. As soon as you wake up, be sure to move the baby to his or her own bed … Bed-sharing is not recommended for any babies.”

5. Never place your baby to sleep on a couch, sofa, or armchair.

“This is an extremely dangerous place for your baby to sleep.”

6. Keep soft objects, loose bedding and other items out of the baby’s sleep area.

“These include pillows, quilts, comforters, sheepskins, blankets, toys, bumper pads or similar products that attach to crib slats or sides. If you are worried about your baby getting cold, you can use infant sleep clothing, such as a wearable blanket. In general, your baby should be dressed with only one layer more than you are wearing.”

7. Swaddle your baby safely.

“However, make sure that the baby is always on his or her back when swaddled. The swaddle should not be too tight or make it hard for the baby to breathe or move his or her hips. When your baby looks like he or she is trying to roll over, you should stop swaddling.”

8. Try giving a pacifier at nap time and bedtime.

“This helps reduce the risk of SIDS, even if it falls out after the baby is asleep. If you are breastfeeding, wait until breastfeeding is going well before offering a pacifier. This usually takes 2-3 weeks. If you are not breastfeeding your baby, you can start the pacifier whenever you like. It’s OK if your baby doesn’t want a pacifier. You can try offering again later, but some babies simply don’t like them. If the pacifier falls out after your baby falls asleep, you don’t have to put it back.”

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(NEW YORK) — Heather-Elizabeth Brown feels grateful to have survived her bout with severe COVID-19. But more than two years after testing positive for the virus, she is still managing the physical and mental toll.

After contracting COVID-19 early in the pandemic and subsequently going on a ventilator for a month, she faced significant health challenges, from rehabilitation to chronic conditions including diabetes.

“COVID has taken a lot from me,” Brown, 37, a corporate training consultant in Detroit who is a COVID long hauler, told ABC News’ Good Morning America. “I took for granted how much I was just ‘go, go go’ before I became ill in April 2020.”

Doctors have made progress in treating people with lingering COVID-19 symptoms, though there is still much to still learn about who experiences it and why. With no test for long COVID, it also can be difficult to diagnose.

Studies so far estimate as many as 13% to 30% of people who get COVID-19 may later develop long COVID, which commonly include fatigue, shortness of breath and “brain fog” for weeks, months or, as in Brown’s case, years after the initial infection.

“I would be lying if I said that my life wasn’t irrevocably changed by this whole experience,” Brown said.

Admitted to the ICU

Brown first started showing symptoms in April 2020, though tested negative for COVID-19 twice, she said.

“I was starting to have trouble breathing,” she said. “I was so tired. I was barely able to perform basic functions to take care of myself.”

As her systems worsened, she went to the emergency department three times before she was admitted with symptoms including an elevated temperature.

An X-ray showed that Brown — who eventually tested positive for COVID — had COVID-induced pneumonia in both lungs, and she was put on the “highest level of oxygen,” she said.

Within two days of being admitted, doctors told her that her lungs were failing. She was put into a medically-induced coma and placed on a ventilator on April 18, 2020, she said. She remained on the ventilator for 31 days.

“It was an experience that I don’t think I can explain adequately,” Brown said. “I had a lot of vivid dreams and nightmares.”

When she woke up, she wasn’t able to talk due to a breathing tube and wasn’t able to walk.

“The whole left side of my body was so weak, I couldn’t even hit the call button for the nurses,” she said.

Due to COVID-19 protocols, she wasn’t allowed to see anyone beside the hospital staff.

“I was able to FaceTime with my mother but no one was able to visit me in the hospital,” she said.

Life post-COVID

For patients who have been on ventilators for a prolonged period of time, it’s common to use medications that may cause severe muscle weakness, according to Dr. Annas Aljassem, director of functional pain and rehabilitation at Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, who treated Brown.

“A lot of their post-recovery is retraining muscles,” he told Good Morning America. “On top of that, a lot of these long haulers will have debilitated lungs.”

That can translate to a “prolonged recovery time for the things that we take for granted, day-to-day kind of things,” Aljassem said.

Brown said she went to rehabilitation for about seven weeks due to her prolonged ICU stay, and has gone through months of physical therapy, pulmonary therapy and occupational therapy.

“You never think at 35 that you’ll be re-learning something so basic that we take for granted as walking,” she said.

Brown said she had to use a home healthcare company to help her do things around the home.

“I still walk with a limp. I’m still working on tackling the stairs, standing for long periods of time,” she said. “I haven’t started walking again in high heels yet but that’s on my list of things to do and I’m committed to that.”

In addition to recovering from an extensive ICU stay, Brown also now manages diabetes and high blood pressure — two health conditions she didn’t have before getting COVID-19.

“For a while, I was on a lot of insulin, but since I’ve been able to get it more managed,” she said of her diabetes.

Research has found that COVID-19 survivors are at an increased risk of being newly diagnosed with diabetes up to one year after recovering. There are several theories for why, though the exact cause has not yet been determined.

Brown said she has also had issues with nerve pain and brain fog, though the latter has gotten “infinitely better.”

Common long COVID symptoms include severe fatigue and impacts to thinking and breathing weeks or months after the initial infection, according to Dr. Jason Maley, the director of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center’s Critical Illness and COVID-19 Survivorship Program and an assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School.

For cognitive impacts, “We approach it in many ways similar to how we try to help patients who have had traumatic brain injury or concussion recover, because we see a lot of overlap in the symptoms and the ways it’s affecting people’s brain function,” Maley said.

Those experiencing fatigue may experience what’s known as post-exertional malaise, he said.

“They feel physical illness and worsening of all of their symptoms as a result of trying to be physically active, even if it’s just mild activity around the house,” Maley said. “That’s been described in other post-acute infectious illnesses prior to COVID-19.”

Other patients may be fatigued and weak due to an ICU stay and need to rebuild their muscles.

“That takes time and that’s really a more intensive rehab approach,” he said.

Mental toll, too

Long COVID has also been a mental struggle for Brown, as she’s often wondered, “Why me?” and has been frustrated by her extensive recovery. She said she also has post-traumatic stress disorder from her ICU experience.

“I want a normal week where I’m not constantly reminded in some way, shape or form of COVID. Of the struggle that I’ve had with COVID and the trauma that I’ve endured,” she said.

A study led by Maley that was published last month in Critical Care Explorations, the peer-reviewed journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine, found that “significant symptoms” of post-traumatic stress were found in one-third of ventilated patients six months after they were discharged from the hospital.

Aljassem said he has seen COVID long haulers experience mental trauma from the prolonged isolation they experienced during their treatment and subsequent rehab.

“Mentally they may be in a place and physically their bodies are in another place,” he said. “Processing that mentally is a very important piece of your recovery.”

Maley said long haulers also may experience trauma if their illness is not recognized by their healthcare provider.

“It’s clear to us this is a real illness and there’s a lot of mounting scientific studies about this, but it doesn’t always show up easily on an X-ray, or it’s not showing up on a simple blood test,” he said. “When you can’t think straight and you’re exhausted all day and you were previously perfectly healthy before this, it’s really traumatizing to be searching for answers and have people largely ignoring you.”

Finding support and renewed faith

As she continues to battle COVID-19 symptoms, Brown said she is “getting back to the best parts of me” before she got sick. Part of that involves her faith.

“I definitely feel like my faith has been strengthened,” said Brown, who is a minister at her church. “I feel like I’ve gotten confirmation of the things that I was believing and professing in faith but then to have a moment to see it manifest in real life is much different.”

Seeing a therapist trained in PTSD has also helped Brown process the trauma she experienced and be patient in her healing journey, she said.

“She said you’ve been through so much, you have to be kind and you have to learn how to make sure that you’re gentle with yourself,” Brown said. “Something I had to remember and honor — I am still on a healing journey, and every day is not the same.”

Aljassem said that compared to where Brown is now versus when he first met her is “miraculous.”

“There’s always that discrepancy in how you view yourself, especially in how your healthcare team is viewing you,” he said. “I try to reinforce to her specifically on focusing on those little victories every day and not so much what I can’t do anymore.”

Brown has also devoted much of her time and emotional energy to long-hauler advocacy and being a voice for the community. She is involved with several support and advocacy groups for COVID-19 survivors, including the Body Politic Covid-19 Support Group and the COVID-19 Longhauler Advocacy Project.

“I am a fierce advocate for the COVID-19 long hauler community and for people who have survived this, and for families who are dealing with it in any capacity,” she said. “I take seriously the position I’ve been given to be able to just encourage people and to let people know that even though it can be difficult and even though it can be scary it’s definitely something that people can overcome.”

She does feel that there’s a lot more work to be done for the community and in understanding long COVID.

“[We’re] keeping our feet on the gas when it comes to research and when it comes to education and when it comes to really being vocal proponents for people who have been affected by COVID,” she said.

As more is learned about long COVID, doctors may be able to implement better strategies in treatment, Aljassem said.

“It’s tough to develop treatments without understanding disease, but at the same time, we as clinicians … feel the need and pressure to find things that will help people feel better,” Maley said.

Brown said it continues to be a challenge comparing herself to who she was before COVID-19, but that being a long hauler has made her more resilient and kinder to herself.

“I’m still thankful and I’m still grateful for my life,” she said. “I’m hopeful for my future but I just realized that I have to take it one day at a time.”

Copyright © 2022, ABC Audio. All rights reserved.

(LOS ANGELES) — The sound of construction around Cedars-Sinai Marina del Rey Hospital is hard to miss. Crews are essentially building a new hospital because the old one, just south of Los Angeles, isn’t big enough. For the staff, it is a sign of rebirth after an exhausting two years. The long-delayed construction is finally underway, after being postponed due to COVID-19, and it is a sign that the fight against the virus is better.

Only a few months ago, the parking lot outside of Cedars-Sinai Marina del Rey was essentially a battlefield hospital. There was a giant tent used for patient triage. Today, the big tent is gone and once again cars are filling parking spots.

The doctors and nurses at Cedars-Sinai, like their counterparts around the country, have seen the worst of the pandemic. They have witnessed countless patients unable to breathe and the heartbreaking goodbyes of family members to their loved ones who were dying from the coronavirus.

Now that the United States has hit one million dead, the staff at Cedars-Sinai is remembering the battle they have gone through.

“Certainly there were a lot of patients that were waiting to be seen,” said Dr. Oren Friedman, a pulmonologist and medical director of the Cedars-Sinai ICU. “Just the amount of patients that we had that needed hospital support and ICU support. There’s never been anything like that. It was just such a huge number. We never felt that way before.”

The staff remembers the early months when there was no test for the virus and treatments were extremely limited. Their colleagues were getting seriously ill. Patients were streaming in unable to catch their breath.

“It was overwhelming, I think, for anyone in the health care field. However, we relied on each other. We relied on as much of the literature that was coming out,” Friedman explained during a recent visit to the hospital. “We formed groups and committees of people who constantly reviewed the literature and the latest. I don’t think any of us have ever been in a situation where so many people that we were taking care of with a disease that was so novel and the information was coming out at lightning speed.”

Friedman, 44, has a unique perspective. Not only is he a pulmonologist who could see what was happening to patients’ lungs as they suffered with COVID-19, but he caught the virus early in the pandemic while on the job and struggled for weeks to recover. And once he was feeling better he went to New York City to help while the region was being overwhelmed by the virus.

“The last two years have been the most challenging time for anyone, certainly in my generation, in pulmonary and critical care medicine,” he said. “In some sense when we all look back at it, it’s like being in an alternate universe. I don’t think any of us ever saw so many patients coming in with such a volume of one particular disease. And certainly none of us ever saw the health care system so impacted and so overwhelmed.”

In the early months, so much was unknown. The virus was spreading so rapidly without a vaccine and without many precautions being taken by the American public. In mid-March of 2020, President Donald Trump declared a national emergency. Medical experts’ predictions that 100,000 people could die were instantly discounted by skeptics. But the numbers of people dying kept growing. Doctors and nurses on the frontlines were at war, while politics played out in the national spotlight.

“In the last two years it’s been very overwhelming and frightening,” said ICU nurse Morgan Roverud. “At the beginning of the pandemic everything was unknown. So we didn’t know how to deal with COVID.”

“It was definitely scary,” Roverud remembered. “A lot of the times I felt like: ‘How can I do this?’ But I think with the teamwork aspect here at [Cedars-Sinai] Marina del Rey and the friendships that you form with the staff and other leadership it just makes everything easier.”

It was that teamwork that hospital staff says got them through it. The staff became one, working around the clock. Doctors and nurses were perpetually exhausted as they worked to save lives. Still, many patients would be overtaken by the virus.

“There was a cohesiveness, I suppose, because everyone was on the same mission together to take care of all of these patients. But it was also sad and, at times, it felt hopeless,” said Friedman.

Friedman said he knew the wave of death that he witnessed in New York was likely heading to California and elsewhere. He was right. The halls at Cedars-Sinai Marina del Rey became full during several waves of the pandemic. The sound of ventilators pumping air into patients’ lungs filled the hallways. COVID-19 was killing Americans.

“We had never seen that many patients who were that critically ill on ventilators,” Friedman said. “It was exhausting. The days were long. Everybody was working extra shifts, extra hours. People were doubling up on shifts. People had to be creative marshalling resources.”

As the pandemic claimed more victims, there were the doubters, including high-profile politicians and media figures, who claimed COVID-19 wasn’t real or wasn’t serious. For the health care providers in the ICU at Cedars-Sinai, there was nothing more aggravating than those who claimed the virus was not serious.

“There was a temptation from all of us to run out there and scream and shake people and tell people, ‘do you realize how bad this could be? Do you realize what it looks like inside of the hospital? You should be wearing masks, you should be getting vaccinated.’ It was enormously frustrating,” said Friedman.

Friedman said after the first surge, medical staff could feel that the general population wanted to move on from the virus but the virus was not done with Americans.

“It made our jobs that much more difficult. It felt like you were fighting a war, but when you returned home from the battle people just simply didn’t believe that war was even occurring,” he said.

Today, after so much heartache and after so many Americans were lost to the virus, maybe the worst of COVID-19 is over and now we must learn to live with it.

“With the vaccines that still work well against variants, and the increase in antiviral medications that we now have,” Friedman said, “we should be able to control some of those numbers better than we have in the past.”

Now with the large tent gone and fewer COVID-19 patients, things are quieter at the hospital. But the team has scars from the past two years or so and the one million lives lost in the U.S.

“It’s a staggering number. It’s a number that most people have a hard time fathoming,” Friedman said. “Even what a million would look like. It’s also really disappointing as a medical provider to realize that many of those probably didn’t need to have happened.”

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(NEW YORK) — The past few years have seen a growing mental health crisis, prompting an increasing number of Americans to seek help through confidential telephone support lines.

But no two support lines are exactly the same. Crisis lines are intended for those undergoing an urgent mental health crisis and in imminent danger, like someone considering suicide. Helplines are designed for non-urgent needs, such as those seeking support and resources for depression, anxiety and other mental health disorders.

Experts said knowing the right one to call can help get you the specific help you need faster.

Everyone in the U.S. should feel empowered to call 911 if they experience distress, crisis or suicidal ideation, experts said. But for those experiencing suicidal thoughts, another option is 1-800-273-8255 [TALK], the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, a crisis line that consists of a network of more than 200 crisis centers. In July, 988 will replace the 10-digit number as the new 24/7 Lifeline number.

“We are trained to de-escalate a situation,” Mary Givelber, executive director of Caring Contact, a member of the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline located in New Jersey, told ABC News.

She said that “we listen, we do not fix,” and volunteers “encourage them to take charge of where they are in that moment.”

However, if someone is in imminent danger, crisis lines can sometimes activate emergency services that send a mobile crisis unit or ambulance, but experts said this is rare.

“When police and ambulances show up and fire trucks often come out and the lights are on, this becomes a very traumatic experience for that individual,” Givelber said. “So we are trained to try and find the safest, least intrusive way of keeping somebody, we call it, ‘safe for now.’”

Additional resources are available for people who need help but are not experiencing an immediate crisis, such as suicidal thoughts.

Helplines offer information on where to find local mental health resources. One option is the National Alliance for Mental Illness (NAMI) HelpLine (1-800-950-6264), where volunteers are on standby to connect people to mental health services.

“The crisis call counselors can address the immediate crisis, but we want an individual to get well and stay well,” Hannah Wesolowski, chief advocacy officer for NAMI, told ABC News. “And so it’s those local call centers that can connect an individual to resources and services in their communities.”

The resources offered vary by location.

“There are some call centers that have the capacity to make same-day or next-day appointments with community mental health providers or refer them to services within the community,” Wesolowski said.

There are also helplines that focus on the needs of specific populations like the new National Maternal Mental Health Hotline launched this week by the U.S. Health and Human Services Department. It’s available by calling or texting 1-833-9-HELP4MOMS.

Then there are warm lines, a service growing in availability, which is a middle ground between crisis lines and helplines. People can call in to discuss non-urgent matters and are offered emotional support.

“The warm line is actually a phone line where they have volunteers, peer support volunteers, who will just talk to people. There’s no urgency around the conversation. They just get to listen reflectively and help people process and offer emotional support,” Dawn Brown, the national director of NAMI HelpLine Services, told ABC News.

Many call centers are staffed by volunteer peer-support specialists, “that means someone with a mental health condition and they’re now long into their recovery, or the family member supporting a loved one who’s in recovery,” said Brown.” Others are staffed by paid employees. Volunteers and employees undergo weeks of standardized training and quality assurance measures are in place.

What happens if you call the ‘wrong’ line?

In some states like New York and Georgia, one number serves not only as a crisis line, but also a helpline and warm line. But in locations where they are distinct, efforts will be made to direct you to the correct service.

For example, Brown explains at the NAMI HelpLine they “do a suicide risk assessment and if the person is deemed to be at imminent risk, we attempt what we call a warm transfer where we will keep the caller on the line and connect with the Lifeline to hand the person off to a crisis worker.”

But not all calls are transferred. If someone calls a crisis line and is specifically looking for resources, they may only be referred to a helpline.

Calling the appropriate line could help ease the burden on crisis centers. On average, 15% of calls to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline don’t go through because of extended wait times, resulting in callers dropping the call.

According to Wesolowski, more federal funding is needed to increase staffing, “upgrade technology, data collection, developing training, and operating those back-up centers.”

“Time and time again, what we hear is thank you for listening to me. Thank you for hearing my story,” Givelber said.

If you are struggling with thoughts of suicide or worried about a friend or loved one, help is available. Call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 [TALK] for free, confidential emotional support 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

If you or someone you know needs help, contact NAMI HelpLine from 10 a.m. – 10 p.m. ET Monday to Friday at 1-800-950-NAMI [6264] or info@nami.org.

Adjoa Smalls-Mantey, M.D., D.Phil., is a psychiatrist, trained in immunology, and a contributor to the ABC News Medical Unit.

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